ORGAN PENCERNAAN(1)
Organ pencernaan dapat dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu saluran pencernaan dan kelenjar pencernaan. Saluran pencernaan memanjang mulai dari mulut, faring, esofagus, lambung, usus kecil, usus besar, rektum dan anus. Kelenjar pencernaan meliputi kelenjar ludah, hati dan pankreas. Sistem pencernaan juga dilengkapi dengan organ lain seperti lidah, gigi dan kantung empedu yang membantu dalam proses pencernaan makanan.1. MULUT merupakan tempat pertama makanan masuk ke dalam tubuh. Dalam mulut terdapat gigi, lidah, dan kelenjar ludah yang membantu dalam proses pencernaan makanan.
a. Gigii berperan dalam proses penceranaan secara mekanik dengan cara memecah makanan yang kita makan hingga menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil (=mengunyah makanan). Gigi manusia mengalami pergantian sebanyak 2 kali selama hidupnya. Gigi susu merupakan gigi pertama manusia yang tumbuh pada usia sekitar 6 bulan hingga mencapai jumlah 20 gigi pada usia 2 tahun. Gigi ini secara bertahap akan tanggal dan digantikan oleh gigi permanen yang berjumlah 32 gigi.
b. Lidahtersusun atas otot lurik. Pada permukaan atas lidah terdapat tonjolan-tonjolan yang disebut “papila” yang mengandung puting pengecap.
Kelenjar ludah menghasilkan ludah yang berfungsi dalam pencernaan secara kimiawi dengan adanya enzim ptialin (=amilase). Ludah dihasilkan oleh 3 kelenjar utama, yaitu kelenjar parotis, kelenjar sublingualis, dan kelenjar submandibularis. Ludah sebagian besar (99,5%) tersusun oleh air dan sisanya (0,5%) berupa larutan yang mengandung :
- Klorida yang berfungsi mengaktifkan enzim amilase
- Amilase yang memecah karbohidrat kompleks menjadi gula sederhana
- Bikarbonat dan fosfat, sebagai larutan bufer yang menjaga pH ludah tetap pada kisaran 6,35 hingga 6,85
- Mukus/lendir untuk melumasi makanan
- Enzim lisozim yang berperan dalam menghancurkan bakteri sehingga melindungi membran mukosa lidah dari infeksi serta melindungi gigi dari kerusakan.
ORGAN PENCERNAAN(2)
2. FARING merupakan
suatu bagian yang termasuk dalam sistem pencernaan dan sistem pernafasan.
Di faring terjadi persilangan antara udara dan makanan yang masuk ke dalam
tubuh. Faring berperanan dalam memulai proses menelan makanan. Makanan dalam
bentuk bolus dari rongga mulut didorong masuk ke orofaring. Bolus menekan uvula
(tekak) sehingga menutup saluran menuju ke hidung. Hal ini menjaga supaya
makanan yang masuk tidak keluar ke hidung. Proses dilanjutkan dengan menurunnya
epiglotis yang menutup glotis (lubang menuju trakhea). Bolus melalui
laringofaring dan masuk ke esofagus (gambar 3).
ORGAN PENCERNAAN(3)
4. LAMBUNGLambung merupakan saluran pencernaan yang membesar, tersusun atas otot. Letaknya di rongga perut sebalah atas, tepat dibawah diafragma. Ketika lambung kosong, ukurannya hanya sebesar sosis berukuran besar. Lambung terbagi menjadi 4 bagian, yaitu kardia (terletak didekat otot spingter), fundus (bagian yang membulat terletak di atas sebelah kiri), badan (bagian terbesar lambung, terletak di bawah fundus), dan pilorus (bagian bawah yang menyempit, berbatasan dengan usus halus oleh otot spingter pilorus). Bagian lambung yang berbatasan dengan lumen dibatasi oleh jaringan epitel kolumner selapis yang membentuk tonjolan, disebut “rugae”. Parit-parit yang dibentuk dinamakan “gastric pits”, yang tersusun oleh sel-sel yang menghasilkan sekret. Ada 3 macam jenis sel, yaitu (1) sel zimogen yang menghasilkan enzim pepsinogen, (2) sel parietal, yang menghasilkan HCl dan faktor intrinsik yang diperlukan dalam penyerapan vitamin B12, dan (3) sel mukosa yang menghasilkan lendir. Sekret dari ketiga sel ini secara keseluruhuan disebut sebagai cairan lambung (“gastric juice”). HCl (asam klorida) berperan dalam mengaktifkan pepsinogen menjadi pepsin, selain itu juga berperan dalam membunuh mikroorganisme yang masuk ke lambung. Enzim pepsin (bentuk aktiv dari pepsinogen) memulai penceranaan protein di lambung dan mukus/lendir yang melindungi dinding lambung dari erosi akibat cairan lambung yang asam. Dalam lambung terjadi pencernaan protein dengan adanya enzim pepsin (bentuk aktif dari pepsinogen ). Karbohidrat hanya sedikit mengalami pencernaan di lambung dikarenakan tingkat keasaman lambung yang membuat enzim amilase menjadi inaktif. Lemak tidak mengalami pencernaan dilambung.
Lambung tersusun oleh lapisan otot polos dengan tiga lapisan, yakni sirkular, longitudinal dan oblique/miring. Tiga lapisan otot ini memmungkinkan lambung berkontraksi ke segala arah sehingga terjadi pencernaan secara mekanik menghasilkan suatu cairan kental yang disebut “khime”. Khime ini kemudian disalurkan menuju ke usus halus melalui piloric sphingter yang membuka. Setelah khime masuk ke usus halus, sphingter ini menutup kembali untuk mejaga agar khime tidak kembali lagi ke lambung.
5. USUS HALUS berdiameter sekitar 2,5 cm dan panjang mencapai 6 m. Usus halus terbagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu duodenum, jejunum, dan ileum. Lapisan mukosa usus halus membentuk lipatan-lipatan kearah lumen yang disebut “vili intestinalis” yang berfungsi untuk menambah luas permukaan penyerapan makanan. Dalam usus halus terjadi proses pencernaan dan penyerapan makanan. Pada duodenum bermuara saluran dari kelenjar pencernaan (pankreas dan kantung empedu). Pada usus halus terjadi pencernaan sebagai berikut :
a. Karbohidrat dengan adanya enzim amilase pankreas diubah menjadi glukosa
b. Protein dengan adanya enzim proteolitik dari pankreas diubah menjadi asam amino
c. Lemak dengan adanya enzim lipase pankreas diubah menjadi asam lemak dan gliserol. Lemak sebelumnya diemulsikan dulu oleh empedu yang dihasilkan oleh hati dan disimpan di kantung empedu.
Dalam usus halus juga terjadi penyerapan makanan melalui sel-sel epitel yang menyusun permukaan usus halus. Proses penyerapan berlangsung sebagai berikut :
a. Karbohidrat : Gula sederhana diserap melalui mekanisme transport aktif menuju kapiler darah di vili intestinalis. Galaktosa merupakan bentuk gula yang siap diserap. Fruktosa diserap melalui difusi terfasilitasi.
b. Protein : Diserap dalam bentuk asam amino menuju ke kapiler darah melalui vili intestinalis oleh transport aktif.
c. Lemak : Kebanyakan (60 sd 70 % diemulsifikasi oleh garam empedu dan diserap dalam bentuk asam lemak dan gliserol melalui lacteal di vili intestinalis menuju ke sirkulasi darah melalui lymphatic thoracic duct. Lemak sisanya, yang telah dipecah oleh lipase menjadi asam lemak dan gliserol, terlarut dalam air dan memasuki vili menuju ke hati melalui sistem porta hepatika.
Vitamin dan mineral : vitamin larut lemak akan diangkut melalui lacteal sedangkan vitamin larut air diserap melalui kapiler. Elektrolit seperti Na, Cl, potassium dan Ca diserap melalui dinding usus halus melalui transport aktif.
ORGANS OF DIGESTION (1)
Digestive organs can be divided into two, namely the digestive tract and digestive glands. Digestive tract extending from the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum and anus. Digestive glands include the salivary glands, liver and pancreas. Digestive system is also equipped with other organs such as tongue, teeth and gall bladder which helps in the digestion of food.A. Mouth is the first place the food into the body. In the mouth there are teeth, tongue, and salivary glands that helps in the digestion of food.a. Gigii role in the process of digestion by mechanically breaking up the food we eat into parts smaller (= chewing food). Human teeth have turnover as much as 2 times during his life. The first baby teeth are human teeth grow at around 6 months to reach number 20 teeth at the age of 2 years. These teeth are gradually replaced by the date and the permanent teeth that are 32 teeth.b. Lidahtersusun the striated muscle. On the upper surface of the tongue there are bumps, called "papillae" which contain nipple buds. There are three kinds of papillae are found in humans, the papilla filiformis, fungiformis papillae and papillae sirkumvalata. Papilla filiformis are often found on the front of the tongue, appear as sharp protrusions. Sirkumvalata fungiformis papillae and are often found in the back of the tongue, nipples all contain soy. Apart from being a sense of taste, the tongue also plays a role in the process of chewing food to keep food between the teeth remain in position.
c. Salivary glandThe salivary glands produce saliva that function in chemical digestion in the presence of the enzyme ptialin (= amylase). Saliva is produced by the three major glands, the parotid gland, sublingualis gland and submandibular gland. Salivary majority (99.5%) composed of water and the remainder (0.5%) in the form of a solution containing:Chloride is responsible for activating the enzyme amylaseAmylase that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugarsBicarbonate and phosphate, as buffer solution to maintain salivary pH remained in the range of 6.35 to 6.85Mucus / mucus to lubricate the foodLysozyme enzyme that plays a role in destroying the bacteria that protects the mucous membranes of the tongue of the infection and protect teeth from decay.
Food that has been chewed and mixed with ezim ptialin bolus in the mouth will form that is ready to be swallowed.ORGANS OF DIGESTION (2)
2. Pharynx is a part which is included in the digestive system and respiratory system.Pharynx occurs in crosses between the air and food into the body. Pharynx plays a role in starting the process of swallowing food. Bolus of food in the form of the oral cavity driven into the oropharynx. Bolus pressure uvula (soft palate) that closes the channel leading to the nose. It is keeping that food intake did not come out into the nose. The process continued with the decline in the epiglottis that closes the glottis (opening to the trachea). Bolus through the esophagus and into laringofaring (Fig. 3).
3. ESOFAGUSmerupakan channels are composed of muscle, connecting the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus does not occur because the process of digestion in the epithelial cells of the esophagus did not produce digestive enzymes. Esophagus which serves only secrete mucus to lubricate the food that can easily pass through the esophagus. The movement of food through the esophagus toward the stomach also driven by the peristaltic movements. At the border between the esophagus and stomach muscles are sphingter. This muscle remains closed during the bolus in the esophagus and opens when it reaches the end esofasus peristalsis, bolus into lambuang.
ORGANS OF DIGESTION (3)
4. SideThe stomach is an enlarged digestive tract, composed of muscle. It is located in the abdominal cavity sebalah top, just below the diaphragm. When the stomach is empty, only the size of a large sausage. The stomach is divided into 4 parts, namely the cardia (located near the muscle spingter), fundus (the part located above the rounded left), agency (the largest part of the stomach, is located below the fundus), and the pylorus (the bottom of a narrow, adjacent to the gut by smooth muscle spingter pylorus). Section adjacent to the lumen of the stomach is restricted by a layer of epithelial tissue that forms a bulge kolumner, called "rugae". The trenches are formed called "gastric pits", which is composed of cells that produce secretions. There are three kinds of cell types, namely (1) cells that produce the enzyme pepsinogen zimogen, (2) parietal cells, which produce HCl and intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12, and (3) mucosal cells that produce mucus. Secretions from these cells keseluruhuan third referred to as gastric fluid ("gastric juice"). HCl (hydrochloric acid) play a role in activating pepsinogen to pepsin, but it also plays a role in killing microorganisms that enter the stomach. The enzyme pepsin (active form of pepsinogen) initiate protein digestion in the stomach and the mucus / mucus that protects the stomach wall from erosion due to the acidic gastric fluid. In gastric digestion of protein occurs in the presence of the enzyme pepsin (the active form of pepsinogen). Carbohydrates only slightly digestion in the stomach due to gastric acidity that makes the enzyme amylase to be inactive. Fat does not have dilambung digestion.Gastric smooth muscle layer is composed of three layers, namely circular, longitudinal and oblique / oblique. Three layers of the stomach muscles to contract memmungkinkan all directions resulting in mechanical digestion produces a thick fluid called "khime".Khime is then channeled into the small intestine through an opening piloric sphingter.After khime get into the small intestine, sphingter this close again to keep track so khime did not return to the stomach.
5. GUT SMOOTH approximately 2.5 cm in diameter and 6 m long reach. The small intestine is divided into 3 parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Mucosal lining of the intestine to form the folds toward the lumen of the so-called "intestinal villi" which serves to increase the surface area of absorption of food. In the small intestine there is a process of digestion and absorption of food. In the duodenum comes down the channel of the digestive gland (pancreas and gall bladder). Digestion in the small intestine occurs as follows:a. Carbohydrates in the presence of pancreatic amylase enzyme is converted to glucoseb. Protein in the presence of proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas is converted into amino acidsc. Fat by the pancreatic lipase enzyme is converted into fatty acids and glycerol. First previous fat emulsified by bile produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.In the small intestine for food absorption occurs also through the epithelial cells that make up the surface of the small intestine. The absorption process takes place as follows:a. Carbohydrates: Simple sugars are absorbed through an active transport mechanism into the blood capillaries in the villi intestinalis. Galactose is a form of sugar that is readily absorbed. Fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion.b. Protein: Absorbed in the form of amino acids to the blood capillaries through the intestinal villi by active transport.c. Fats: Most (60 to 70% diemulsifikasi by bile salts and absorbed in the form of fatty acids and glycerol through the lacteal in villi intestinalis leading to blood circulation through the lymphatic thoracic duct. Fat remaining, which has been broken down by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol, dissolved in water and into the villi to the liver via the hepatic portal system.Vitamins and minerals: fat-soluble vitamins will be transported through the lacteal while the water soluble vitamins are absorbed through the capillaries. Electrolytes such as Na, Cl, potassium and Ca absorbed through the intestinal wall by active transport.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar